{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:53:13Z","timestamp":1787161993448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1009196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1009196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Chromatography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder that causes serious functional impairment. Existing diagnostic methods rely on subjective assessments because of its complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology; therefore, development of objective biomarkers is urgently needed. To control the high heterogeneity of MDD, a pairwise design in which depressed and remitted states of the same patient were paired to minimize the influence of intrinsic factors was introduced, and serum metabolite changes between states were analyzed using non\u2010targeted and targeted metabolomics approaches. State\u2010based biomarkers that could be used for objective diagnosis of MDD were identified, and their clinical applicability was validated in an expanded study group. L\u2010Glutamine was selected because it showed a tendency to increase during the remitted state. Through multiple reaction monitoring\u2010based quantitative verification, L\u2010glutamine levels significantly increased in the remitted state compared with those in the depressed state, regardless of the influence of drug treatment, proving its potential as a diagnostic marker. This study identified differences in serum metabolites in patients with MDD using a metabolomic approach; L\u2010glutamine could be used as a promising biomarker to distinguish between depressive and remissive states. These results can contribute to the precise diagnosis of MDD and establishment of personalized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1755060481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biomarker for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder: Changes in Serum L\u2010Glutamine Levels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Seungyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You\u2010Rim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sora","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences Eulji University  Seongnam Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4070-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeeun","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee\u2010Gyoo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences Eulji University  Seongnam Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science Eulji University  Uijeongbu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14010067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.116068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2011.100388"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","article-title":"Metabolomics of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies","volume":"14","author":"Costa L. 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