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This study assessed in\u00a0vitro anticoccidial activity of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. nivea<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    methanolic extract (TNE) against oocyst sporulation and investigated molecular interactions of its major constituents with two key\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    enzymes, L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and calcium\u2010dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), using molecular docking. TNE was prepared by methanol\u2013water extraction of fruiting bodies and characterized by GC\u2013MS, identifying 15 major compounds. In\u00a0vitro assays showed a significant, dose\u2010dependent inhibition of oocyst sporulation, analyzed by one\u2010way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparisons (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The highest concentration (300\u2009mg\/mL) achieved 94.12% and 92.86% inhibition at 72 and 96\u2009h, respectively, exceeding the reference drug amprolium. Docking analyses revealed strong binding affinities of lupeol and estradiol to LDH and CDPK1 (\u22127.31 to \u22127.46 and \u22128.23 to \u22128.96\u2009kcal\/mol, respectively), supported by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity. These findings support\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. nivea<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as a promising natural anticoccidial candidate targeting essential metabolic and signaling pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T12:21:21Z","timestamp":1771417281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anticoccidial Effects of\n                    <i>Tirmania nivea<\/i>\n                    Extract and In Silico Evaluation of Its Phytochemicals Against\n                    <i>Eimeria<\/i>\n                    spp."],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9263-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rewaida","family":"Abdel\u2010Gaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1869-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed\u00a0A.","family":"Dkhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science Capital University (formerly Helwan University)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8043-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seifeldin","family":"Elabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Science Helwan National University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Santourlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty Heinrich\u2010Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend\u00a0M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Al\u2010Quraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esam\u00a0M.","family":"Al\u2010Shaebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbz103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40160-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"757","article-title":"Evaluation of Anticoccidial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Clove in Broiler Chicken","volume":"44","author":"Aljohani A. 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