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Antimicrobial activity of bee pollen ethanol extract mixture was screened against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ATCC 25923<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ATCC 25922<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) species by using TLC bioautography, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), and disc diffusion methods. Pollen extract showed antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ; disc diffusion test results showed 16 and 10\u2009mm inhibition zone at 6000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL concentration. Caffeic acid and gallic acid showed inhibitory action against both\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u2009aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in TLC bioautography studies. Glucose (3.78\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2009mg\/mL), fructose (6.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17\u2009mg\/mL), and sucrose (0.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009mg\/mL) were detected as main carbohydrates in pollen extract. Extract did not show significant cytotoxic effect at all tested concentrations on HEK\u2010293 cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:46:07Z","timestamp":1771235167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxicity of Bee Pollen Ethanol Extract: Determination of Phenolic Acid and Sugar Contents by Using Chromatographic Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Akin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Chemistry Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"},{"name":"Petroyag ve Kimyasallar San. Ve Tic. 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