{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:09:22Z","timestamp":1789661362865,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Chromatography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zolpidem (Z1) and zopiclone (Z2) are widely prescribed for insomnia; but their misuse in drug\u2010facilitated crimes presents significant forensic and clinical challenges. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive LC\u2013MS\/MS method, coupled with dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME), for the simultaneous determination of Z1, Z2, and 18 phase I and phase II metabolites (20 species) in human urine. DLLME employed 1\u2009mL of dichloromethane as extractant and 2\u2009mL of acetonitrile as disperser per 2\u2009mL of urine, reducing halogenated\u2010solvent use compared with conventional liquid\u2013liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a HyPURITY C18 column with water\u2013acetonitrile (70:30, v\/v) containing 0.2% formic acid. Z1 and Z2 were validated according to ICH guidelines over 0.1\u2013200\u2009ng\/mL, showing linearity (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.999), accuracy (96.29%\u201399.56%), precision (RSD \u2264\u20093.12%), and recovery (96.12%\u201398.74%). Because authentic metabolite standards were unavailable, metabolite concentrations were estimated using parent\u2010drug calibration curves and are considered semi\u2010quantitative. In five healthy volunteers, hydroxylated and carboxylated metabolites peaked at 2\u201312\u2009h and remained detectable up to 84\u2009h. These findings support the method's potential for retrospective urinary screening of Z\u2010drug exposure in forensic and clinical toxicology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:14:46Z","timestamp":1788956086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LC\u2013MS\/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Their Metabolites in Human Urine and Its Pharmacokinetic Application"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5342-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varsha","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Forensic Science University, Ministry of Home Affairs  Delhi 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