{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:34:17Z","timestamp":1775194457307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The arcuate nucleus is a component of the ventral medullary surface involved in chemoreception and breathing control. The hypoplasia of this nucleus is a very frequent finding in victims of sudden unexplained fetal and infant death (from the last weeks of pregnancy to the first year of life). On the contrary, this developmental alteration is rarely present in age\u2010matched controls who died of defined causes. These observations lead to hypothesize that a well\u2010developed and functional arcuate nucleus is generally required to sustain life. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the arcuate nucleus maintains the same supposed function throughout life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out neuropathological examinations of brainstems obtained from 25 adult subjects, 18 males and 7 females, aged between 34 and 89\u00a0years, who died from various causes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For almost half of the cases (44%) microscopic examinations of serial histological sections of medulla oblongata showed a normal cytoarchitecture of the arcuate nucleus, extending along the pyramids. For the remaining 56% of cases, various degrees of hypodevelopment of this nucleus were observed, validated through the application of quantitative morphometric investigations, from decreased area, neuron number and volume, to full aplasia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These unexpected findings indicate that the involvement of the arcuate nucleus in chemoreception in adulthood is questionable, given the possibility of living until late age without this nucleus. This opens new perspectives for researchers on the role and function of the arcuate nucleus in humans from birth to old age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T18:40:20Z","timestamp":1539801620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Variability of the medullary arcuate nucleus in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Paradiso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dLino Rossi\u201d Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS\u2014Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dLino Rossi\u201d Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS\u2014Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy"},{"name":"Division of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Thiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Lavezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dLino Rossi\u201d Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS\u2014Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0757-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05037.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.2.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902930308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199207000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000244052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Primary alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine\u2019s curse syndrome) in an infant without external arcuate nucleus. 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