{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:05:43Z","timestamp":1771823143970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histologically defined as an inflammation\u2014degeneration of limbic structures, limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare disease and often difficult to diagnose particularly in institutions with limited access to laboratory tests such as antineuronal antibodies or HSV\u2010PCR, and functional imaging. We aimed to describe the demographic, clinical, paraclinical, and etiological features of LE, as well as its medium\u2010term prognosis in Moroccan patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected retrospectively all patients diagnosed with LE in the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital Hassan II of Fez (Morocco) between September 2008 and December 2016. We analyzed their demographic features, clinical manifestations, magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory findings, etiologies, and medium\u2010term prognoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 22 men and 9 women aged 14\u201376\u00a0years (mean age: 45.8\u00a0years). In 64.5% of cases, the onset of symptoms was acute. The clinical manifestations included generalized status epilepticus (16.1%), confusional syndrome (29%), epileptic seizures (38.7%), psychiatric disorders (48.4%), and memory disorders (45.2%). The nonlimbic symptoms were nuchal stiffness (22.6%), headaches (9.7%), fever (61.3%), vesicular rash (3.2%), and language disorders (6.5%). The different etiologies found were herpes simplex virus (6.5%), syphilis (16.1%), tuberculosis (3.2%), varicella (3.2%), paraneoplastic autoimmune LE (22.6%), anti\u2010NMDA\u2010R LE (6.5%), and sarcoidosis (3.2%). We found 12 cases (38.7%) of LE without definite etiology and with an incomplete diagnostic workup. The medium\u2010term clinical course includes a complete remission in 45.2% of cases and partial remission in 45.1% of cases. The different sequelae were temporal lobe epilepsy (9.7%), anterograde amnesia (16.1%), and severe cognitive impairment (19.4%). The mortality rate was 9.7% (3 patients).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study shows a wide diversity of etiologies of LE in Morocco with essentially an acute mode of onset of symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T02:53:47Z","timestamp":1543200827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Limbic encephalitis: Experience of a moroccan center"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moussa","family":"Toudou\u2010Daouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology National Hospital of Niamey Niamey Niger"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Filali\u2010Adib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aicha","family":"Slassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed\u2010Faouzi","family":"Belahsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Health Community Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University Fez Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zouhayr","family":"Souirti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"},{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez Morocco"},{"name":"Sleep Medicine Center Hassan II University Teaching Hospital Fez Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.6.923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2012.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/83.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.3.481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Paraneoplastic limbic encephalopathy, inappropriate ADH secretion and recurrent subclinical epileptic seizures. 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