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Most previous studies have shown that directing attention to movement outcome (external focus; EF) is more effective than directing attention to body movement itself (internal focus; IF). However, our recent studies demonstrated that the optimal attentional strategy in healthy and clinical populations varies depending on individual motor imagery ability. To explore the neurological basis underlying individual optimal attentional strategy during motor learning tasks, in the present study, we measured frontoparietal activities using functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010eight participants performed a visuomotor learning task requiring circular tracking. During the task, the participants were required to direct their attention internally or externally. The individual optimal attentional strategy was determined by comparing the after\u2010effect sizes between the IF and EF conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen participants showed larger after\u2010effects under the EF condition (External\u2010dominant), whereas the others showed larger after\u2010effects under the IF condition (Internal\u2010dominant). Based on the differences in neural activities between Internal\u2010 and External\u2010dominant groups, we identified the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 46) and right somatosensory association cortex (Brodmann area 7) as the neural bases associated with individual optimal attentional strategy during motor learning. Furthermore, we observed a significant negative correlation, that is, lower activity in these areas was associated with a larger after\u2010effect size under the optimal attentional strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrated that more efficient neural processing in the frontoparietal area under the individual optimal attentional strategy can accelerate motor learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T02:55:18Z","timestamp":1544064918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Individual optimal attentional strategy during implicit motor learning boosts frontoparietal neural processing efficiency: A functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Sakurada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Brain Science Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Brain Science Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiju","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1344-15.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3658757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire","volume":"21","author":"Hall C. 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