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In the same sample using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalograph (EEG), we found that offspring at high familial risk had thinner cortices, increased default mode network connectivity, and reduced EEG power. These group differences were significantly diminished in offspring at high risk who reported high importance of R\/S beliefs, suggesting a protective effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study extends previous work examining brain microstructural differences associated with risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and tests whether these are normalized in at\u2010risk offspring who report high importance of R\/S beliefs. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were selected from 99 2nd and 3rd generation offspring of 1st generation depressed (high\u2010risk, HR) or nondepressed (low\u2010risk, LR) parents. Whole\u2010brain and region\u2010of\u2010interest analyses were performed, using ellipsoidal area ratio (EAR, an alternative diffusion anisotropy index comparable to fractional anisotropy). We examined microstructural differences associated with familial risk for depression within the groups of high and low importance of R\/S beliefs (HI, LI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the LI group, HR individuals showed significantly decreased EAR in white matter regions neighboring the precuneus, superior parietal lobe, superior and middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral insula, supplementary motor area, and postcentral gyrus. In the HI group, HR individuals showed reduced EAR in white matter surrounding the left superior, and middle frontal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right supplementary motor area. Microstructural differences associated with familial risk for depression in precuneus, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe were nonsignificant or less significant in the HI group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>R\/S beliefs may affect microstructure in brain regions associated with R\/S, potentially conferring resilience to depression among HR individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T05:09:55Z","timestamp":1547615395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A diffusion tensor imaging study of brain microstructural changes related to religion and spirituality in families at high risk for depression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xuzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrna","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardesheer","family":"Talati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Svob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Wickramaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongrong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University  New York New York"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatry Institute  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13694670500040625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afzali M. &Soltanian\u2010Zadeh H.(2010).Comparison of Voxel\u2010Based Morphometry (VBM) and Tractography of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT\u2010MRI) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in 2010 18th Iranian Conference on Electronical Engineering 2010. 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