{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:54:03Z","timestamp":1790124843555,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81703852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81703852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>to explore the association between cerebral small\u2010vessel diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s) and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>137 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> patients were recruited into the study. Detailed motor symptoms, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and axial impairment, were evaluated using Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPDRS<\/jats:styled-content>). Non\u2010motor symptoms, including cognition, anxiety, and depression, were evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Mo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>), Hamilton anxiety scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAMA<\/jats:styled-content>), and Hamilton depression scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAMD<\/jats:styled-content>). Brain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> was used to assess the subtypes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s, including lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPVS<\/jats:styled-content>), and white matter hyperintensities (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMH<\/jats:styled-content>). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMH<\/jats:styled-content> were furtherly divided into deep <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMH<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DWMH<\/jats:styled-content>) and periventricular hyperintensities (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVH<\/jats:styled-content>). The association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s and motor symptoms was analyzed. Patients were divided into the postural instability and gait disability (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content>) group and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> group. Demographic, clinical and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s variables were compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s subtypes were all detected in the participants with different prevalence rates and severity degrees. We found a close association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPVS<\/jats:styled-content> in basal ganglia and the tremor score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.032), and between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DWMH<\/jats:styled-content> in the frontal and occipital lobes and the axial motor score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) through the spearman and multivariate liner regression analysis. Compared with the non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> group, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> group demonstrated more serious cognitive impairment and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DWMH<\/jats:styled-content> in the frontal and occipital lobes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> group were not different from those of the non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> group. Cognitive impairment and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DWMH<\/jats:styled-content> in the frontal lobe were identified to be independent risk factors of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> motor phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified a close association between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSVD<\/jats:styled-content>s and motor symptoms in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DWMH<\/jats:styled-content> in the frontal lobe was a risk factor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIGD<\/jats:styled-content> motor phenotype, which supports the contribution of vascular pathology in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1551331579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Exploring the association between Cerebral small\u2010vessel diseases and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai 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