{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:15:02Z","timestamp":1768828502834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566604800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1066588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1066588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The perception of a target stimulus can be impaired by a subsequent mask stimulus, even if they do not overlap temporally or spatially. This \u201cbackward masking\u201d is commonly used to modulate a subject's awareness of a target and to characterize the temporal dynamics of vision. Masking is most apparent with brief, low\u2010contrast targets, making detection difficult even in the absence of a mask. Although necessary to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms, evaluating masking phenomena in animal models is particularly challenging, as the task structure and critical stimulus features to be attended must be learned incrementally through rewards and feedback. Despite the increasing popularity of rodents in vision research, it is unclear if they are susceptible to masking illusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We characterized how spatially surrounding masks affected the detection of sine\u2010wave grating targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In humans (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05) and rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07), target detection improved with contrast and was reduced by the presence of a mask. After controlling for biases to respond induced by the presence of the mask, a clear reduction in detectability was caused by masks. This reduction was evident when data were averaged across all animals, but was only individually significant in three animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While perceptual masking occurs in rats, it may be difficult to observe consistently in individual animals because the complexity of the requisite task pushes the limits of their behavioral capabilities. We suggest methods to ensure that masking, and similarly subtle effects, can be reliably characterized in future experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T19:15:53Z","timestamp":1566674153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differences in perceptual masking between humans and rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Katrina L.","family":"Dell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Monash University Node Clayton Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital The University of Melbourne Fitzroy Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Arabzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function The Australian National University Node Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas S. C.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Monash University Node Clayton Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.43.000648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00366.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0010-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Visual masking: Time slices through conscious and unconscious vision: Oxford Psychology Series","author":"Breitmeyer B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90065-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90400-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6689-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(02)00521-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"The (un)suitability of modern liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for vision research","volume":"6","author":"Ghodrati M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(77)90155-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00609.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"What's new in psychtoolbox\u20103?","author":"Kleiner M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929041502788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.9.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.9.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00138-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00126-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"A rodent model for visual masking","author":"Richards K. L.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2015.00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.3.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.11.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(68)90135-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3742.1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08990220.2010.513111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3932-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3824.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88658-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.12.053"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbrb3.1368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.1368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T10:53:05Z","timestamp":1694170385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.1368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.1368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01368"}}