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In the clinics, some patients also reported changes of spasticity in their lower limb, which could not be detected by routine physical examinations. Pennation angle of muscle can indirectly reflect the condition of spasticity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this upper limb procedure may affect spasticity of lower limb, using ultrasonography to detect changes of muscle pennation angle (PA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve spastic hemiplegia patients due to cerebral injury including stroke, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury, who underwent C7 nerve transfer procedure, participated in this study. B\u2010mode ultrasonography was used to measure PA of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle at rest preoperatively and postoperatively. The plantar load distribution of the lower limbs was evaluated using a Zebris FDM platform preoperatively and postoperatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PA of the GM was significantly smaller on the affected side than that of unaffected side before surgery. On the affected side, the postoperative PA was significantly larger than preoperative PA. On the unaffected side, the postoperative PA was not significantly different compared to preoperative PA. The postoperative plantar load distribution of the affected forefoot was significantly smaller than preoperative load distribution, which was consistent with ultrasonography results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study indicates that C7 nerve transfer surgery for improving upper limb function can also affect muscle properties of lower limb in spastic hemiplegia patients, which reveals a link between the upper and lower limbs. The interlimb interactions should be considered in rehabilitation physiotherapy, and the regular pattern and mechanism need to be further studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:43:14Z","timestamp":1573638194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer can affect the pennation angle of the lower limb in spastic hemiplegia patients: An observational case series study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1952-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao\u2010Fu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai 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