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Similar sex differences were observed in animal models of developmental programming by prenatal stress or maternal diabetes. We aimed to translate this work into humans by examining sex\u2010specific effects of exposure to maternal obesity on hippocampal volume in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010eight children (37 boys and 51 girls) aged 7\u201311\u00a0years completed the study. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was obtained from electronic medical records. A high\u2010resolution anatomical scan was performed using a 3\u2010Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Total hippocampal volume and hippocampal subfield volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer 6.0. Linear regression was used to investigate sex differences in relationships between maternal prepregnancy BMI and child hippocampal volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal prepregnancy BMI ranged from 19.0 to 50.4\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. We observed a significant interaction between maternal prepregnancy BMI and sex on total hippocampal volume (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.001) such that boys (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.39, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.018) but not girls (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.45) had a significant negative relationship between maternal prepregnancy BMI and total hippocampal volume. This relationship in boys remained significant after adjusting for child and maternal covariates (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212126.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.012). The sex interactions with prepregnancy BMI were consistently observed in hippocampal subfields CA1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.008), CA2\/3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.016), CA4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.002), dentate gyrus (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), and subiculum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results support findings in animal models and suggest that boys may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of exposure to maternal obesity on hippocampal development than girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T07:28:20Z","timestamp":1578295700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sex differences in the association between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity and hippocampal volume in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0837-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Pasadena CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Herting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anny H.","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Pasadena CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-6615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 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