{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:31:39Z","timestamp":1769725899541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010390","name":"Saint Louis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord injuries are devastating, with many complications beyond paralysis and loss of sensory function. Although spinal cord regeneration can revolutionize treatment for spinal cord injuries, the goal has not yet been achieved. The regenerative mechanism of axolotls demonstrates that the regeneration is a repeat of developmental process that all animals have all the genes, but axolotls have both the genes and the patterning information to do it at the adult stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A narrative review was conducted. Relevant studies were collected via an English\u2010language PubMed database search and those known to the authors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research during the past 30\u00a0years reveals that growth factors, along with spinal cord extracellular matrix, especially glycosaminoglycans, regulates axonal regrowth. Degrading chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans by injecting the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase improves axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in both rodents and rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, the brain is one of the first organs to develop during the embryonic period, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are key molecules required for brain development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patterning information residing in glycosaminoglycans might be key elements in restricting spinal cord regeneration. A recommended solution is not to edit the human genome, considering the conserved signaling pathways between animals, but to take advantage of the regenerative mechanism of axolotls and the current knowledge about the pattern\u2010forming glycosaminoglycans for successful spinal cord regeneration and clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T09:49:22Z","timestamp":1579168162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Operation spinal cord regeneration: Patterning information residing in extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience Saint Louis University St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaina","family":"Baker\u2010Nigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience Saint Louis University St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416636a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.170269dg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00084-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2217-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6171034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600544200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80242-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(96)80034-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.133363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2495-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0196-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200786200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715093115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(00)00137-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20180283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07415.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4306-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00087-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-019-09863-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.50.31377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009321200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0212-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.148.2.227"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"The glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Major cell\u2010surface proteoglycans of the developing nervous system","volume":"3","author":"Lander A. D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152410790780136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0324-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2015.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.7.673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8030052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181d376f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2006.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/reg2.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/298369a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"Spinal cord injury: Facts and figures at a glance","author":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.139873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402645200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/reg2.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.098178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0424-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800852RR"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-019-0274-x"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36804-7","article-title":"Fine structure of heparan sulfate regulates syndecan\u20101 function and cell behavior","volume":"269","author":"Sanderson R. D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4056728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2012-0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11638-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060713-035314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1877-1173(10)93007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","first-page":"xvii","volume-title":"Progress in molecular biology and translational science","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","first-page":"xv","article-title":"Glycans and glycosaminoglycans as clinical biomarkers and therapeutics. Preface","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101441200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.43.27998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319823"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1531","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.1531","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T14:57:36Z","timestamp":1694012256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.1531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.1531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1531","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01531"}}