{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:22:42Z","timestamp":1792801362828,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies showed that patients with various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections might be at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the risk of PD in patients with each specific infection varied. This meta\u2010analysis estimated the association between various infections and PD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature published from January 1965 to October 2019 in PubMed and EMBASE databases was searched. Data were extracted and pooled using random\/fixed effects model. Sensitivity analysis and meta\u2010regression were also performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated by the trim and fill.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010three out of 6,609 studies were included. <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (HP; pooled OR\u00a0=\u00a01.653, 1.426\u20131.915, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), hepatitis C virus (HCV; pooled OR\u00a0=\u00a01.195, 1.012\u20131.410, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.035), Malassezia (pooled OR\u00a0=\u00a01.694, 1.367\u20132.100, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), and pneumoniae (pooled OR\u00a0=\u00a01.595, 1.020\u20132.493, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.041) infection were associated with increased PD risk. Influenza virus, herpes virus, hepatitis B virus, scarlet fever, mumps virus, chicken pox, pertussis, German measles, and measles were not associated with PD risk. After antiviral treatment against HCV reduced the risk of PD in patients with HCV infection (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.672, 0.571\u20130.791, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Significant heterogeneity exists among the included studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with infection of HP, HCV, Malassezia, pneumoniae might be an increased risk of PD. Antiviral treatment of HCV could reduce the risk of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T14:51:38Z","timestamp":1580827898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection\u2010related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta\u2010analysis of cohort and case\u2013control studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuxue","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151125000300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(96)90223-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-14-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2954-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in a country with universal access to direct\u2010actingantiviral agents: Data for designing a cost\u2010effective elimination policy in Spain","author":"Crespo J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.032078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00721.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-1931(00)00019-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0009.8588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2064-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.18.5327-5333.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.11.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1646-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otoeng.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2003.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"1946","article-title":"Inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"250","author":"Mcgeer P. L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Health System Pharmacy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.122.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPRLS.S50491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03643.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02115-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-1-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153725"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis and risk of future Parkinson's disease (PD) (S42.001)","volume":"78","author":"Tanner C. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0006-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.760560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3464578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9514-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.33.310.16894"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbrb3.1549","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1549","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.1549","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T05:34:43Z","timestamp":1694064883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.1549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.1549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1549","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01549"}}