{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:18:53Z","timestamp":1792192733248,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>People with visual impairments can experience numerous challenges navigating unfamiliar environments. Systems that operate as prenavigation tools can assist such individuals. This mixed\u2010methods study examined the effectiveness of an interactive audio\u2010tactile map tool on the process of cognitive mapping and recall, among people who were blind or had visual impairments. The tool was developed with the involvement of visually impaired individuals who additionally provided further feedback throughout this research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mixed\u2010methods experimental design was employed. Fourteen participants were allocated to either an experimental group who were exposed to an audio\u2010tactile map, or a control group exposed to a verbally annotated tactile map. After five minutes\u2019 exposure, multiple\u2010choice questions examined participants\u2019 recall of the spatial and navigational content. Subsequent semi\u2010structured interviews were conducted to examine their views surrounding the study and the product.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experimental condition had significantly better overall recall than the control group and higher average scores in all four areas examined by the questions. The interviews suggested that the interactive component offered individuals the freedom to learn the map in several ways and did not restrict them to a sequential and linear approach to learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assistive technology can reduce challenges faced by people with visual impairments, and the flexible learning approach offered by the audio\u2010tactile map may be of particular value. Future researchers and assistive technology developers may wish to explore this further.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T01:13:10Z","timestamp":1590196390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The effectiveness of an interactive audio\u2010tactile map for the process of cognitive mapping and recall among people with visual impairments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0381-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery De Montfort University Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9297-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Picinali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Scase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology De Montfort University Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2017.2767049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-002-0111-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Teaching thematic analysis: Over\u2010coming challenges and developing effective strategies for effective learning","volume":"26","author":"Braun V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9070351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2014.924412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00624.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450010312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(88)90002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"A wearable haptic navigational guidance system. 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