{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:45:34Z","timestamp":1793407534933,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The emergence of COVID\u201019 global pandemic coupled with high transmission rate and mortality has created an unprecedented state of emergency worldwide. This global situation may have a negative impact on the psychological well\u2010being of individuals which in turn impacts individuals' performance. This study aims to explore the prevalence of depression and anxiety among the GP, HCPs, and USs during COVID\u201019 outbreak, and to identify key population(s) who might need psychological intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Jordan between 22 and 28 March 2020 to explore the mental health status (depression and anxiety) of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during the COVID\u201019 outbreak. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ\u20109) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20107 (GAD\u20107) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the entire study participants was 23.8% and 13.1%, respectively. Anxiety was most prevalent across university students 21.5%, followed by healthcare professionals 11.3%, and general population 8.8%. Females among healthcare professionals and university students, divorced healthcare professionals, pulmonologists, and university students with history of chronic disease were at higher risk of developing depression. Females, divorced participants among the general population, and university students with history of chronic disease and those with high income (\u22651,500\u00a0JD) were at higher risk of developing anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During outbreaks, individuals are put under extreme stressful condition resulting in higher risk of developing anxiety and depression particularly for students and healthcare professionals. Policymakers and mental healthcare providers are advised to provide further mental support to these vulnerable groups during this pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T05:35:50Z","timestamp":1592976950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":282,"title":["Mental health status of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Jordan: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah Y.","family":"Naser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Zmaily","family":"Dahmash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabaa","family":"Al\u2010Rousan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Alwafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine Umm Alqura University Mecca Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamzeh Mohammad","family":"Alrawashdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amman Eye Clinic Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imene","family":"Ghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department Ibn AL Haytham Hospital Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwer","family":"Abidine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health King Abdulaziz Hospital Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Bokhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health King Abdulaziz Hospital Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeel T.","family":"AL\u2010Hadithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Abuthawabeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada Mohammad","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Isra University Amman Jordan<!--Query ID=\"q4\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosra 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