{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:17:57Z","timestamp":1792649877363,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["G-YJ05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-YJ05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke survivors often experience upper\u2010limb motor deficits and achieve limited motor recovery within six months after the onset of stroke. We aimed to systematically review the effects of robot\u2010assisted therapy (RT) in comparison to usual care on the functional and health outcomes of subacute stroke survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2019 were identified from six electronic databases. Pooled estimates of standardized mean differences for five outcomes, including motor control (primary outcome), functional independence, upper extremity performance, muscle tone, and quality of life were derived by random effects meta\u2010analyses. Assessments of risk of bias in the included RCTs and the quality of evidence for every individual outcomes were conducted following the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eleven RCTs involving 493 participants were included for review. At post\u2010treatment, the effects of RT when compared to usual care on motor control, functional independence, upper extremity performance, muscle tone, and quality of life were nonsignificant (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s ranged .16 to .86). The quality of this evidence was generally rated as low\u2010to\u2010moderate. Less than three RCTs assessed the treatment effects beyond post\u2010treatment and the results remained nonsignificant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robot\u2010assisted therapy produced benefits similar, but not significantly superior, to those from usual care for improving functioning and disability in patients diagnosed with stroke within six months. Apart from using head\u2010to\u2010head comparison to determine the effects of RT in subacute stroke survivors, future studies may explore the possibility of conducting noninferiority or equivalence trials, given that the less labor\u2010intensive RT may offer important advantages over currently available standard care, in terms of improved convenience, better adherence, and lower manpower cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T06:36:07Z","timestamp":1593239767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Robot\u2010assisted therapy for upper\u2010limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wai\u2010tong","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nethersole School of Nursing The Chinese University of Hong Kond New Territories Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuen\u2010yu","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nethersole School of Nursing The Chinese University of Hong Kond New Territories Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man\u2010kei","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nethersole School of Nursing The Chinese University of Hong Kond New Territories Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk\u2010woon","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bradford Bradford UK<!--Query ID=\"q3\" Text=\"AUTHOR: Please check that authors and their affiliations are correct.\"-->"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho\u2010yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nethersole School of Nursing The Chinese University of Hong Kond New Territories Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317744276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2995-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1406-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"CASP randomised controlled trial checklist","author":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-182500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00266-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach","author":"GRADE Working Group","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool: McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc","author":"GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513516967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"Higgins J. 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