{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:19:09Z","timestamp":1780550349337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"Universitetet i Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anticonvulsant hypothesis posits that ECT\u2019s mechanism of action is related to enhancement of endogenous anticonvulsant brain mechanisms. Results of prior studies investigating the role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (\u201cGABA+\u201d, GABA and coedited macromolecules) in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression remain inconclusive. The aim of our study was to investigate treatment\u2010responsive changes of GABA+ in subjects with a depressive episode receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 41 depressed subjects (DEP) and 35 healthy controls (HC) were recruited at two independent sites in Norway and the USA. MEGA\u2010PRESS was used for investigation of GABA+ in the anterior cingulate cortex. We assessed longitudinal and cross\u2010sectional differences between DEP and HC, as well as the relationship between GABA+ change and change in depression severity and number of ECTs. We also assessed longitudinal differences in cognitive performance and GABA+ levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Depressive episode did not show a difference in GABA+ relative to HC (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>71<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.36,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.72) or in longitudinal analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>36<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.97,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.34). Remitters and nonremitters did not show longitudinal (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>36<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.27) or cross\u2010sectional differences in GABA+. GABA+ levels were not related to changes in antidepressant response (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>35<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.27) or treatment number (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>36<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.96). An association between cognitive performance and GABA+ levels was found in DEP that completed cognitive effortful testing (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results failed to support GABA as a marker for depression and abnormal mood state and provide no support for the anticonvulsant hypothesis of ECT. ECT\u2010induced change in GABA concentrations may be related to change in cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T06:01:49Z","timestamp":1600322509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anterior cingulate gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid concentrations and electroconvulsive therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-6388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera J.","family":"Erchinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Bustillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Haavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Ziomek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School  Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil J.","family":"Oedegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vince D.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tri\u2010institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) Georgia Tech Emory  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn M.","family":"McClintock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology Department of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Division of Brain Stimulation and Neurophysiology Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Ersland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre Department of Radiology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leif","family":"Oltedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre Department of Radiology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","author":"Abrams R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.580778"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25588"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5064-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00053-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.8.1098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3687-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11071105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24903"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318098614e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid and homovanillic acid in depressive disorders","volume":"17","author":"Kasa K.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.2.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13086"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000278341"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150177"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110044007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0477-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300377"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Plasma GABA in mood disorders","volume":"26","author":"Petty F.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700022248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199903000-00003"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: A proposed mechanism of action","volume":"18","author":"Sackeim H. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830090060009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.663"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.032532"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1970-16.2016"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2835","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000}}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.1833","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:54:59Z","timestamp":1693205699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.1833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.1833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1833","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1833\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01833"}}