{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:50:47Z","timestamp":1780926647060,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory and taste dysfunction (OTD) is a potential neurological manifestation of coronavirus\u20102019 (COVID\u201019). We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia for COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar from 1 June 2020 to 12 June 2020. All studies reporting symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients were included. A total of 23 studies were included in the systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia were frequently reported by COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients. Symptoms were more common in females and in younger patients. There was no direct association between the severity of COVID\u201019 and the presence of symptoms. However, some evidence was found for a longer duration of these symptoms and increased severity of COVID\u201019 infection in young patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OTD is commonly reported by COVID\u201019 patients. Due to limited literature on the association between OTD and COVID\u201019, it is currently not possible to conclude that these symptoms alone can be used to diagnose COVID\u201019. However, the presence of OTD can potentially be used as a screening tool for COVID\u201019 especially in young and female patients. Further research is required to establish the true diagnostic value of these symptoms and efficacy as screening tools for COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T16:32:27Z","timestamp":1600273947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Can symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia be diagnostic for COVID\u201019?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Syeda Anum","family":"Zahra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sashini","family":"Iddawela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospitals Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozina Yasmin","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Harky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Liverpool Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"AAO\u2010HNS: Anosmia Hyposmia and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease [Internet].American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery 2020. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.entnet.org\/content\/aao-hns-anosmia-hyposmia-and-dysgeusia-symptoms-coronavirus-disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30297-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard\u2010Valnet R. Pizzarotti B. Anichini A. Demars Y. Russo E. Schmidhauser M. \u2026Du Pasquier R.(2020).Two patients with acute meningo\u2010encephalitis concomitant to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. medRxiv. 2020 Apr 21;2020.04.17.20060251.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.17.20060251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06066-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15917.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Entuk.org. 2020. [Internet]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.entuk.org\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30521-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"e7869","article-title":"Basal Ganglia involvement and altered mental status: A unique neurological manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"12","author":"Haddadi K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01995.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00423-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Important Info On COVID\u201019 [Internet]. Mailchi.mp. 2020. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/mailchi.mp\/4c241a511c2d\/important-info-on-covid-19?e=d610a2d247."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","article-title":"Relationship between odor intensity estimates and COVID\u201019 prevalence prediction in a Swedish population","author":"Iravani B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Senses"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e31821a251d"},{"issue":"689","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.53738\/REVMED.2020.16.689.0699","article-title":"Performance du frottis nasopharyng\u00e9\u2010PCR pour le diagnostic du Covid\u201019 \u2010 Recommandations pratiques sur la base des premi\u00e8res donn\u00e9es scientifiques [Covid\u201019 diagnosis: Clinical recommendations and performance of nasopharyngeal swab\u2010PCR]","volume":"16","author":"Kokkinakis I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e9dicale Suisse"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2020.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320929169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levinson R. Elbaz M. Ben\u2010Ami R. Shasha D. Levinson T. Choshen G. \u2026Paran Y.(2020).Anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.11.20055483","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.11.20055483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","article-title":"Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID\u201019: a single center, retrospective, observational study","volume":"2020","author":"Li Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320920762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09849-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","unstructured":"Statement from the UK Chief Medical Officers on an update to coronavirus symptoms: 18 May 2020 [Internet]. GOV.UK. 2020. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/statement-from-the-uk-chief-medical-officers-on-an-update-to-coronavirus-symptoms-18-may-2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","volume-title":"Clinical methods: The history, physical, and laboratory examinations","author":"Walker H. K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan S. Yi Q. Fan S. Lv J. Zhang X. Guo L. \u2026Qiang M.(2020).Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.10.20021832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan Y. Cao S. Fang Q. Wang M. &Huang Y.(2020).Coronavirus disease 2019 complicated with Bell\u2019s palsy: a case report.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23216\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23216\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05999-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"Wells G. A. Shea B. O\u2019Connell D. Peterson J. Welch V. Losos M.&Tugwell P. J.(2020).The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. (2020).Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) situation report\u2010209 [Internet]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200816-covid-19-sitrep-209.pdf?sfvrsn=5dde1ca2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2020).WHO Director\u2010General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID\u201019\u201011 March 2020. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19\u2013-11-march-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","first-page":"475","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single\u2010centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01442-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30109-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1839","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.1839","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.1839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:56:49Z","timestamp":1693205809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.1839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.1839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1839","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1839\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1839\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1839\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1839\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.1839\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01839"}}