{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:01:41Z","timestamp":1772118101231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a candidate agent in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Elevated anti\u2010CDV levels were previously found in the sera from MS patients compared with controls. We now investigated whether there was an age\u2010related association with the presence of antibodies specific to CDV\u2010hemagglutinin (H) protein in MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sera from patients with MS, other neurological diseases, and inflammatory and\/or autoimmune diseases, and healthy individuals were screened for anti\u2010CDV in an ELISA using linear peptides of the CDV\u2010H protein as antigen. Antibody levels to measles and\n                      <jats:italic>varicella\u2010zoster virus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were measured and served as controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of the new cohort of MS patients and controls confirmed our initial finding of elevated anti\u2010CDV\u2010H levels in MS patients. An increase in measles but not\n                      <jats:italic>varicella\u2010zoster virus<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibody levels was found in MS patients compared with healthy controls. Data from the new cohort of patients and controls were combined with data from the original study and analyzed with respect to age distribution of anti\u2010CDV IgG. Mean CDV antibody levels were significantly elevated in each decade from 20 to 50\u00a0years of age in MS compared with healthy and disease controls. Antibody levels to measles virus were not consistently elevated during this age span. A striking relationship (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001, odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a05.0) was observed between elevated anti\u2010CDV\u2010H levels and diagnosis of MS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The finding that anti\u2010CDV levels are elevated in MS patients of all ages provides substantial evidence of a strong association between elevated anti\u2010CDV and MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T18:47:22Z","timestamp":1607626042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increased frequency of canine distemper virus\u2010specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Rohowsky\u2010Kochan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Davidow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics &amp; Epidemiology Division of Biostatistics Rutgers School of Public Health Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center Neurology Service East Orange NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart D.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-111-27855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92925-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.5.492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90609-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92281-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92917-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.6.noc50328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520300038015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2414848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Virus\u2010specific immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Haire M.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.6.3824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.238.8.854b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"673","article-title":"Dog ownership among multiple sclerosis patients and their level of measles antibodies","volume":"90","author":"Mititelu G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Revista Medico\u2010Chirurgicala A Societatii De Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04050040043006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(82)90133-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.8.1554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1287656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"How multiple sclerosis is related to animal illness, stress and diabetes","volume":"126","author":"Warren S. 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