{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1772118124683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interferon beta (IFN\u03b2) is a well\u2010established first\u2010line therapy for relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and remains the most widely prescribed agent. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) represents a rare but severe adverse effect (AE) that could occur even after many years from the beginning of IFN\u03b2 therapy. Eculizumab is currently approved for treatment of aHUS and recently for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with aquaporin\u20104 antibodies (AQP4\u2010IgG). In this article, we report the case of the latest onset of IFN\u03b2\u2010related aHUS experienced by an MS patient and we briefly review the literature on this topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, and we performed a retrospective analysis of RRMS patients that received IFN\u03b2\u20101a in our center and developed thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). From this search, we identified only one patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the published literature, we identified 24 MS patients who received IFN\u03b2 as disease\u2010modifying treatment (DMT) and then developed thrombotic microangiopathy with kidney injury. The aHUS has been diagnosed in 6, all received IFN\u03b2\u20101a and the latest onset was after 15\u00a0years. We report a case of a 39\u2010year\u2010old man affected by RRMS who assumed IFN\u03b2\u20101a since 1999. In July 2018, he developed an IFN\u03b2\u2010related aHUS. After the failure of plasma exchange, he underwent eculizumab, with an improvement of glomerular filtration rate and without new signs of MS activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this case represents the latest onset of IFN\u03b2\u2010related aHUS in MS patients. Up to now, there are not literary reports about the possibility to reintroduce a DMT as add\u2010on therapy to eculizumab.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T16:41:11Z","timestamp":1608136871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A case report of late\u2010onset atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome during interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: Open issues in literature review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mos\u00e8","family":"Parisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Manni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Trojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Paolicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Bari 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