{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1772118124941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory and taste disorders were reported in up to 30%\u201380% of COVID\u201019 patients. The purpose of our study was to objectively assess smell impairment in COVID\u201019 patients and to correlate olfactory function with viral recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 15 and 30 April 2020, hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection underwent an objective assessment of olfactory function with the Smell Identification subtest of the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Test (SI\u2010SST). Association between viral recovery and SI\u2010SST performance was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      51 patients were enrolled (49% males, mean age 66.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.6\u00a0years). At the time of test administration, 45% were clinically recovered and 39% were virus\u2010free. Objective hyposmia\/anosmia was found in 45% of the patients. Subjective olfactory disorders showed no association with the clinical or viral recovery status of the patients. On the contrary, none of the patients with anosmia and the 5% of hyposmic patients at test had viral recovery. The relative risk for hyposmic patients to be still positive at swab test was 10.323 (95% CI 1.483\u201371.869,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed an independent and significant correlation between viral clearance and SI\u2010SST scores (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.242; 95% CI 1.322\u20133.802,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.003). ROC curve analysis confirmed that a SI\u2010SST\u00a0&gt;\u00a010.5 predicts viral clearance with 79% sensitivity and 87% specificity (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.883).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyposmia is part of COVID\u201019 symptoms; however, only objectively assessed olfactory function is associated with viral recovery. SI\u2010SST is an easy and safe instrument, and further large multicentric studies should assess its value to predict infection and recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T14:01:40Z","timestamp":1611064900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Olfactory function and viral recovery in COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4471-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Tondelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda USL  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ricceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4963-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Ciolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Picchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Meletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit OCB Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera\u2010Universitaria  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute\u2010onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID\u201019: A pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case\u2010control study","volume":"9","author":"Beltr\u00e1n\u2010Corbellini \u00c1.","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID\u201019\u2013positive patients compared to subjective methods: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"45","author":"Hannum M. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Senses"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Position paper on olfactory disfunction","volume":"25","author":"Hummel T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjg061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06069-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2065"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.2006","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T09:24:45Z","timestamp":1693560285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2006","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2006\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2006\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2006\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2006\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02006"}}