{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:38:24Z","timestamp":1786729104922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder induced by psychologically traumatic events. Using a rat model, this study aimed to determine whether psychological trauma alters relative expression between pro\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory markers in microglia. To meet this goal, expression of genes encoding i\u2010NOS, arginase, TNF\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u201010, CD74, and Mannose Receptor C was analyzed on multiple days following trauma exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single\u2010prolonged stress (SPS) was used to model PTSD in male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats. Twenty\u2010four rats (12 Controls and 12 SPS\u2010exposed) were sacrificed on Days 1, 3, and 7 post\u2010SPS. Twenty\u2010four (12 Controls and 12 SPS\u2010exposed) additional rats were exposed to classical fear conditioning on Day 7, and fear extinction on Days 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, and 17. Freezing behavior was measured to assess fear resolution. Microglial isolates were collected from the frontal cortex, and RNA was extracted. Changes in relative expression of target genes were quantified via RT\u2010PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SPS rats showed significant decreases in IL\u201010 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 expression and increases in the i\u2010NOS:Arginase and TNF\u2010\u03b1:IL\u201010 ratios compared to Controls on Day 1, but not on Day 3 or Day 7 for any of the dependent variables. Day 17 SPS rats showed a significant decrease in IL\u201010 expression and an increase in the TNF\u2010\u03b1:IL\u201010 ratio, further characterized by a significant inverse relationship between IL\u201010 expression and fear persistence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychological trauma impacts the immunological phenotype of microglia of the frontal cortex. Consequently, future studies should further evaluate the mechanistic role of microglia in PTSD pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:58:08Z","timestamp":1610686688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phenotypic characterization of frontal cortex microglia in a rat model of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4016-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Cotrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Nutrition Division U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charina B.","family":"Hocog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus A.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus G.","family":"Scrimgeour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Nutrition Division U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Association. 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