{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:47:22Z","timestamp":1778618842739,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000031","name":"Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IHD98766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IHD98766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal programming was characterized a few decades ago, explaining the correlation of physiological phenotypes of offspring exposed to early\u2010life stress. High acute or chronic prenatal stress can overwhelm the enzymatic placental barrier, inducing transcriptional changes in the fetus that can result in different adverse behavioral and physiological phenotypes. The current study investigates the impact of exposure to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, during late gestation on behavioral outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant Wistar Kyoto rats were given daily subcutaneous injections from gestational days 15\u201321 of either dexamethasone (0.9% NaCl, 4% EtOH, 100\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or were physically manipulated as na\u00efve controls. Pups were raised normally until 17\u00a0weeks of age and underwent the Porsolt swim task and elevated plus maze for depressive and anxiety\u2010like behaviors, respectively. Neural tissue was preserved for genetic analysis using quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistical analyses show significant disruption of behavior and genetic profiles of offspring exposed to dexamethasone in\u2010utero. Exposed animals spent more time immobile on the swim task and entered open arms of the elevated plus maze more often than their na\u00efve counterparts. In the prefrontal cortex, there was a sex by treatment interaction on gene expression relevant to neural transmission in ryanodine receptor 2, as well as increased gene expression in SNAP25, COMT, and LSAMP in males prenatally exposed to dexamethasone compared with controls. Both dysregulated genes and behavior are linked to decreased anxiety and fear inhibition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate adult offspring exposed to dexamethasone in\u2010utero have a tendency toward passive stress\u2010coping strategies and an inhibition of anxiety on behavioral tasks. Methyltransferase activity, synaptic activity, and cellular processes were disrupted in the prefrontal cortices of these animals. Specifically, genes involved in emotional response pathways were overexpressed, supporting the link between the behavioral and genetic profiles. Combined, we determine that dexamethasone offspring have adaptive predispositions when faced with novel situations, with increased immobility in the swim task and increased exploration on the elevated plus maze.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T03:07:44Z","timestamp":1612580864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Late gestational exposure to dexamethasone and fetal programming of abnormal behavior in Wistar Kyoto rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences Northern Ontario School of Medicine Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Grandbois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences Northern Ontario School of Medicine Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences Northern Ontario School of Medicine Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujeenthar","family":"Tharmalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences Northern Ontario School of Medicine Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chem\/Biochem Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7581-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. 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