{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1772118027922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["166416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["166416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although avatars are now widely used in advertisement, entertainment, and business today, no study has investigated whether brain lesions in neurological patients interfere with brain activation in response to dynamic avatar facial expressions. The aim of our event\u2010related fMRI study was to compare brain activation differences in people with epilepsy and controls during the processing of fearful and neutral dynamic expressions displayed by human or avatar faces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined brain responses to dynamic facial expressions of trained actors and their avatar look\u2010alikes in 16 people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 26 controls. The actors' fearful and neutral expressions were recorded on video and conveyed onto their avatar look\u2010alikes by face tracking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our fMRI results show that people with TLE exhibited reduced response differences between fearful and neutral expressions displayed by humans in the right amygdala and the left superior temporal sulcus (STS). Further, TLE was associated with reduced response differences between human and avatar fearful expressions in the dorsal pathway of the face perception network (STS and inferior frontal gyrus) as well as in the medial prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these findings suggest that brain responses to dynamic facial expressions are altered in people with TLE compared to neurologically healthy individuals\u2014regardless of whether the face is human or computer\u2010generated. In TLE, areas sensitive to dynamic facial features and associated with processes relating to the self and others are particularly affected when processing dynamic human and avatar expressions. Our findings highlight that the impact of TLE on facial emotion processing must be extended to artificial faces and should be considered when applying dynamic avatars in the context of neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1620276931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal lobe epilepsy alters neural responses to human and avatar facial expressions in the face perception network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4796-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena Chantal","family":"Kegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Epilepsy Center Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Fr\u00fchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Grunwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Epilepsy Center Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Mersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Critical Theory Zurich University of the Arts Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Performing Arts and Film Zurich University of the Arts Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hennric","family":"Jokeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Epilepsy Center Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00202-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59144-5_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007"},{"issue":"624","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imaging structural and functional brain networks in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Bernhardt B. 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