{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T02:58:44Z","timestamp":1778986724144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following a case study on scopolamine butyl bromide, an anticholinergic drug, we studied the effect of a central anticholinergic drug on post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)\u2010related flashbacks and nightmares.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We administered trihexyphenidyl (TP) to 34 patients with refractory PTSD\u2010related nightmares and flashbacks (open\u2010label trial [\n                      <jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      22]; single\u2010blind trial [\n                      <jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      12]), who had previously received psychiatric treatment for approximately 2\u201315\u00a0years, without therapeutic benefits. The effect of TP was determined using the Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised (IES\u2010R).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, most patients reported an improvement to none or mild on the CAPS for nightmares (88%) and flashbacks (79%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to demonstrate the potential efficacy of TP in the treatment of refractory PTSD\u2010related nightmares and flashbacks. Further double\u2010blind, randomized control trials are needed to explore the potential clinical benefits of TP in PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T23:14:28Z","timestamp":1621034068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Centrally acting anticholinergic drug trihexyphenidyl is highly effective in reducing nightmares associated with post\u2010traumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumasa","family":"Sogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sogo PTSD Institute Medical Corporation Sogokai  Hiroshima\u2010city Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Sogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sogo PTSD Institute Medical Corporation Sogokai  Hiroshima\u2010city Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Okawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sogo PTSD Institute Medical Corporation Sogokai  Hiroshima\u2010city Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"International classification of sleep disorders","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"System neurophysiology of substances in the brain: Neurosciences of mentality and vigor","author":"Arita H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.4.454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200203000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs4040511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Effective treatments for PTSD","author":"Foa E. 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