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The aim of the current study was to investigate empathic responding in women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> related to childhood trauma, and the contribution of parental bonding to empathic abilities in this sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a029) and sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020) completed two self\u2010report empathy measures, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRI<\/jats:styled-content>) and the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEQ<\/jats:styled-content>), and a self\u2010report measure of attachment, the Parental Bonding Instrument (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBI<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>, relative to controls, reported significantly lower levels of empathic concern (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.29) and perspective taking (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.30), yet significantly higher levels of personal distress (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.45) on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRI<\/jats:styled-content>. Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> also reported elevated scores on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEQ<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.13). Levels of paternal care on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBI<\/jats:styled-content>, rather than childhood trauma severity or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> symptom severity best predicted perspective taking scores on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRI<\/jats:styled-content> in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> sample (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.20).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> associated with childhood trauma reported alterations among different domains of empathic functioning that may be related to low levels of paternal care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T14:09:33Z","timestamp":1394719773000},"page":"381-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Alterations in empathic responding among women with posttraumatic stress disorder associated with childhood trauma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Parlar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Frewen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Nazarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Oremus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda","family":"MacQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Lanius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret C.","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Kunin\u2010Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit Baycrest Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.67.2.91.23440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Allen J. 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