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The concept of \u201cschema\u201d implies a latent knowledge structure that a learner holds and updates as intrinsic to his or her cognitive space for guiding the processing of newly arriving information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We replicated the cognitive experiment of Onnis and Thiessen on implicit statistical learning ability in language acquisition but included additional factors of prosodic variables and explicit supervised learning. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to identify the functional network connections for schema updating by alternately using unsupervised and supervised artificial grammar learning tasks to segment potential words.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regardless of the quality of task performance, the default mode network represented the first stage of spontaneous unsupervised learning, and the wrap\u2010up accomplishment for successful subjects of the whole hybrid learning in concurrence with the task\u2010related auditory language networks. Furthermore, subjects who could easily \u201ctune\u201d the schema for recording a high task precision rate resorted even at an early stage to a self\u2010supervised learning, or \u201csuperlearning,\u201d as a set of different learning mechanisms that act in synergy to trigger widespread neuro\u2010transformation with a focus on the cerebellum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigation of the brain dynamics revealed by functional connectivity imaging analysis was able to differentiate the synchronized neural responses with respect to learning methods and the order effect that affects hybrid learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T04:51:23Z","timestamp":1620276683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task\u2010induced brain functional connectivity as a representation of schema for mediating unsupervised and supervised learning dynamics in language acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1777-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Akama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liberal Arts\/Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marcus Autism Center Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Division of Autism &amp; Related Disabilities Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunji","family":"Awazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Jissen Women\u2019s University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Schema theory and L2 reading comprehension: Implications for teaching","volume":"3","author":"Al\u2010Issa A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of College Teaching & Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"The encyclopedia of artificial intelligence","author":"Arbib M. 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