{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:28:42Z","timestamp":1789259322028,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the mammalian neocortex, cells that express parvalbumin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> neurons) comprise a dominant class of inhibitory neuron that substantially overlaps with the fast\/narrow\u2010spiking physiological phenotype. Attention has pronounced effects on narrow\u2010spiking neurons in the extrastriate cortex of macaques, and more consistently so than on their broad\u2010spiking neighbors. Cortical neuromodulation by acetylcholine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h) is a candidate mechanism for aspects of attention and in the primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque, receptors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs) are strongly expressed by inhibitory neurons. In particular, most <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> neurons in macaque V1 express m1 muscarinic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs and exogenously applied <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h can cause the release of <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010aminobutyric acid. In contrast, few <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> neurons in rat V1 express m1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs. While this could be a species difference, it has also been argued that macaque V1 is anatomically unique when compared with other cortical areas in macaques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to better understand the extent to which V1 offers a suitable model circuit for cholinergic anatomy in the macaque occipital lobe, and to explore cholinergic modulation as a biological basis for the changes in circuit behavior seen with attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared expression of m1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> neurons between area V1 and the middle temporal visual area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content>) in macaque monkeys using dual\u2010immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We find that, as in V1, most <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> neurons in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> express m1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs but, unlike in V1, it appears that so do most excitatory neurons. This provides support for V1 as a model of cholinergic modulation of inhibition in macaque visual cortex, but not of cholinergic modulation of visual cortical circuits in general. We also propose that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h acting via m1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hRs is a candidate underlying mechanism for the strong effects of attention on narrow\u2010spiking neurons observed in behaving animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T13:43:54Z","timestamp":1395409434000},"page":"431-445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed by most parvalbumin\u2010immunoreactive neurons in area <scp>MT<\/scp> of the macaque"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita A.","family":"Disney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Neurobiology Laboratories The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein A.","family":"Alasady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Neurobiology Laboratories The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Neurobiology Laboratories The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla 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