{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:37:47Z","timestamp":1789018667804,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual hallucinations are common in patients with Parkinson's disease and represent probably the major independent predictor for cognitive deterioration and nursing home placement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate if treatment of minor visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease with rivastigmine delays the progression to psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial was conducted which aimed to recruit 168 patients with Parkinson's disease reporting minor visual hallucinations 4 weeks before it. Important exclusion criteria were Parkinson's disease dementia, current delirium, and treatment with antipsychotics or drugs that have significant anti\u2010cholinergic side effects. Subjects were randomized to rivastigmine capsules, 3\u20136\u00a0mg twice a day, or placebo for 24\u00a0months. The primary outcome was the time to Parkinson's disease psychosis, which was defined as the need to start with antipsychotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trial was stopped prematurely because of slow recruitment. Ninety\u2010one patients were randomized: 46 patients were assigned to rivastigmine and 45 patients to placebo. No effect of rivastigmine could be demonstrated on the transition time to psychosis or dementia during the 24\u2010month follow\u2010up period. After 6\u00a0months of study treatment, cognition, mood, motor performance, and non\u2010motor performance did not differ significantly between the rivastigmine\u2010group and the placebo\u2010group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because the study was terminated early, it was insufficiently powered to properly evaluate the primary outcome. The limited data of the study favor a wait and see approach instead of early treatment with rivastigmine in PD patients with minor VH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T23:57:16Z","timestamp":1626911836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Rivastigmine for minor visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial with 24\u00a0months follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom J. M.","family":"van Mierlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam University Medical Centers  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Spaarne Gasthuis  Haarlem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M. J.","family":"Foncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam University Medical Centers  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Schmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan R.","family":"Bloem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbera","family":"van Harten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medical Center Leeuwarden  Leeuwarden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Tissingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Zuyderland Medical Center  Heerlen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Munts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Spaarne Gasthuis  Haarlem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob J.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam University Medical Centers  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob M. 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