{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:19:55Z","timestamp":1790306395434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008269","name":"Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2KL2TR000434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2KL2TR000434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH120168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH120168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase in smartphone usage has enabled the possibility of more accessible ways to conduct neuropsychological evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using smartphone typing dynamics with mood scores to supplement cognitive assessment through trail making tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a custom\u2010built keyboard, naturalistic keypress dynamics were unobtrusively recorded in individuals with bipolar disorder (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 11) and nonbipolar controls (n = 8) on an Android smartphone. Keypresses were matched to digital trail making tests part B (dTMT\u2010B) administered daily in two periods and weekly mood assessments. Following comparison of dTMT\u2010Bs to the pencil\u2010and\u2010paper equivalent, longitudinal mixed\u2010effects models were used to analyze daily dTMT\u2010B performance as a function of typing and mood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Comparison of the first dTMT\u2010B to paper TMT\u2010B showed adequate reliability (intraclass correlations = 0.74). In our model, we observed that participants who typed slower took longer to complete dTMT\u2010B (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.189,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). This trend was also seen in individual fluctuations in typing speed and dTMT\u2010B performance (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .004). Moreover, participants who were more depressed completed the dTMT\u2010B slower than less depressed participants (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.189,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). A practice effect was observed for the dTMT\u2010Bs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Typing speed in combination with depression scores has the potential to infer aspects of cognition (visual attention, processing speed, and task switching) in people's natural environment to complement formal in\u2010person neuropsychological assessments that commonly include the trail making test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T13:34:50Z","timestamp":1633700090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mindy K.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Demos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Zulueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Piscitello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Langenecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin","family":"McInnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusola","family":"Ajilore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Leow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Practice effects in healthy adults: A longitudinal study on frequent repetitive cognitive testing","volume":"11","author":"Bartels C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience [Electronic Resource]"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.13.3.283.1743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701390483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao B. 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