{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:17:37Z","timestamp":1778775457774,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81702230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81702230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors for health, and China is the largest producer and consumer of tobacco in the world. Monitoring and controlling the tobacco epidemic is an important issue. However, the motivation underlying smoking behavior is complex and specific to the individual. The Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS) is a feasible tool to evaluate this complex motivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To validate the psychometric properties of the HRFS Chinese version (HRFS\u2010C) and to assess the relationship between motivation and smoking behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We recruited 967 participants through social media and assessed their smoking behavior with three instruments: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence\u2010Chinese version (FTND\u2010C), the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges\u2010Brief Scale\u2010Chinese version (QSU\u2010brief\u2010C), and the HRFS\u2010C. Ultimately, we retained 700 valid data points. Cronbach's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and split\u2010half tests were used to evaluate the reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the validity. In addition, linear regression was used to explore the relationship among the three instruments. The HRFS\u2010C showed good homogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.965), concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. A significant linear relationship was observed among the FTND\u2010C, QSU\u2010brief\u2010C, and HRFS\u2010C (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The motivation measured by the HRFS\u2010C can significantly predict nicotine dependence and craving in the smoking population. The HRFS\u2010C can be used to carry out targeted interventions for addicted patients (e.g., motivational enhancement therapy).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T14:33:11Z","timestamp":1632407591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychometric investigation of the Chinese version of the Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Suzhou China"},{"name":"College of Psychology Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong\u2010ke","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Health Sciences Nanjing Sport Institute  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010jie","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Psychology Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing\u2010Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Psychology Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9735-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102648.2007.04242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders","author":"Cooper M. L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104603(02)00264\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278\u20106133.22.4.340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010122414\u2010033457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852919001706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.1991.tb01879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2002.12069034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102702.2007.02054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(16)00104\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3604_06"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001554"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.064"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Relationships between craving beliefs and abstinence self\u2010efficacy are mediated by smoking motives and moderated by nicotine dependence","volume":"18","author":"Reese E. D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.16.4.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559\u20101816.2003.tb01951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010013\u20103098\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"2017 World Health Organization T he bill China cannot afford: Health economic and social costs of China's tobacco epidemic"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019).WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2019: Offer help to quit tobacco use."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010018\u20100182\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2364","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.2364","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2364","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1692611469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.2364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.2364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2364","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2364\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2364"}}