{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:15:45Z","timestamp":1790072145237,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Past work shows that processing information in relation to the self improves memory which is known as the self\u2010reference effect in memory. Other work suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can also improve memory. Given recent research on self\u2010reference context memory effects (improved memory for contextual episodic details associated with self\u2010referential processing), we were interested in examining the extent stimulation might increase the magnitude of the self\u2010reference context memory effect. In this investigation, participants studied objects superimposed on different background scenes in either a self\u2010reference or other\u2010reference condition while receiving either active or sham stimulation to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a cortical region known to support self\u2010reference context memory effects. Participants then completed a memory test that assessed item memory (have you seen this object before?) and context memory (with which background scene was this object paired?). Results showed a self\u2010reference context memory effect driven by enhanced memory for stimuli processed in the self\u2010reference compared to the other\u2010reference condition across all participants (regardless of stimulation condition). tDCS, however, had no effect on memory. Specifically, stimulation did not increase the magnitude of the self\u2010reference context memory effect under active compared to sham stimulation. These results suggest that stimulation of the dmPFC at encoding may not add to the memory benefits induced by self\u2010referential processing suggesting a boundary condition to tDCS effects on memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T05:44:35Z","timestamp":1636004675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Examining the influence of brain stimulation to the medial prefrontal cortex on the self\u2010reference effect in memory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Camill","family":"Burden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"Sklenar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Urban Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea N.","family":"Frankenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5099-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric D.","family":"Leshikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54621-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38630-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.1.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Successful remembering and successful forgetting: A festschrift in honor of Robert A. Bjork","author":"Bjork R. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(79)90005-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350090102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.2.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000317060.43722.a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","article-title":"Using a less constrained practice test enhances the testing effect","author":"Giannakopoulos K.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910701399029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210701701394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2015.1044427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.685756"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272738"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198503682.001.0001","volume-title":"The theory of probability","author":"Jeffreys H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/138255890968312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892905775008607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260138672"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610383436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.4.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2011.585242"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0198-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2014.957150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.2.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01119-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2016.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/psych-2018-0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2020.1749283"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01762-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910802250519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.9.1586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1224-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.9.677"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5413-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2011.626429"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","article-title":"Person memory mechanism underlying approach and avoidance judgments of social targets","author":"Sklenar A. M.","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904970816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.1.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.3.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2016.1153968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-021-01153-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2018.1532009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2002.2864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2019.1620913"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5407-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1008"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.2368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T07:40:50Z","timestamp":1699774850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.2368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.2368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2368"}}