{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:42:51Z","timestamp":1789764171583,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson's disease is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases from which people suffer for years. The mechanism of this disease is associated with a decrease in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) while Lewy bodies are still present. As a result, both motor\u2014ridity, tremor, and bradykinesia\u2014and non\u2010motor symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Nowadays, it is well known that the cause behind Parkinson's disease is mainly environmental changes, genetic susceptibility, and toxins. Unfortunately, there is no cure for the disease but treatments. The replacement of lost neurons, \u03b1\u2010synuclein and apomorphine, is currently being studied for new therapies. This article focuses on history, mechanism, factors causing Parkinson's disease as well as future therapies for the cure of the diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from medical journals published on PubMed, The Lancet, Cells, and Nature Reviews Neurology databases with a predefined search strategy. All articles considering new therapies for Parkinson's disease were considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is currently reasonably understood. However, there is no definitive cure so all the treatments focus mainly on reducing or limiting the symptoms. Current treatment studies focus on genetics, replacing lost neurons, \u03b1\u2010synuclein and apomorphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson's disease is the most common movement disorder worldwide because of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Its symptoms include motor dysfunctions such as rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia and non\u2010motor dysfunctions such as anxiety and depression. Through genetics, environmental changes and toxins analysis, it is now known that future new therapies are working on replacing lost neurons, \u03b1\u2010synuclein and apomorphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T01:31:56Z","timestamp":1650591116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The understanding of Parkinson's disease through genetics and new therapies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Uwishema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Project and Education Clinton Global Initiative University  New York USA"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Onyeaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham  Edgbaston Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawa","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Research Mycetoma Research Centre  Khartoum Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0764-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe Nazl\u0131","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Kayhan","family":"Korkusuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER) Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abayomi Oyeyemi","family":"Ajagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences Nile University of Nigeria  Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amro","family":"Abuleil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Health Science Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Chaaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baraa H. M.","family":"Alhendawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine Al\u2010Quds University, Al\u2010Azhar branch  Gaza Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Chalhoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education Oli Health Magazine Organization  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474\u20104422(16)30230\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1542"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Parkinson disease overview","author":"Cook Shukla L.","year":"2004"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"504","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and its management: Part 1: Disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"DeMaagd G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacy and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010019\u20100155\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(09)60492\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531\u2010021\u201000194\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035\u2010019\u20100165\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100041457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064\u2010021\u201003334\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(04)16305\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.324827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081101"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2577","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.2577","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.2577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T09:18:59Z","timestamp":1693214339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.2577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.2577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2577","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2577\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2577\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2577\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2577\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.2577\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2577"}}