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The novel approach of using concurrent tES\u2010fMRI to modulate and measure targeted brain activity\/connectivity may provide unique insights into the causal interactions between the brain neural responses and psychiatric\/neurologic signs and symptoms, and importantly, guide the development of new treatments. However, tES stimulation parameters to optimally influence the underlying brain activity may vary with respect to phase difference, frequency, intensity, and electrode's montage among individuals. Here, we propose a protocol for closed\u2010loop tES\u2010fMRI to optimize the frequency and phase difference of alternating current stimulation (tACS) for two nodes (frontal and parietal regions) in individual participants. We carefully considered the challenges in an online optimization of tES parameters with concurrent fMRI, specifically in its safety, artifact in fMRI image quality, online evaluation of the tES effect, and parameter optimization method, and we designed the protocol to run an effective study to enhance frontoparietal connectivity and working memory performance with the optimized tACS using closed\u2010loop tES\u2010fMRI. We provide technical details of the protocol, including electrode types, electrolytes, electrode montages, concurrent tES\u2010fMRI hardware, online fMRI processing pipelines, and the optimization algorithm. We confirmed the implementation of this protocol worked successfully with a pilot experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T03:42:25Z","timestamp":1663818145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Online closed\u2010loop real\u2010time tES\u2010fMRI for brain modulation: A technical report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Beni","family":"Mulyana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"},{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Tsuchiyagaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Misaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayus","family":"Kuplicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Soleimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashkan","family":"Rashedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duke","family":"Shereen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center of the City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Til Ole","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Center (NIC) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz  Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR)  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Bodurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"},{"name":"Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma  Norman Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6902-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Ekhtiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3668"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/61\/12\/4506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRS.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1756\u201016.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNHUM.2017.00623\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"nelder_mead. 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