{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:27:32Z","timestamp":1790317652003,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Neuroimaging studies of obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder (OCD) patients have highlighted the important role of deep gray matter structures. Less work has however focused on subcortical shape in OCD patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Here we pooled brain MRI scans from 412 OCD patients and 368 controls to perform a meta\u2010analysis utilizing the ENIGMA\u2010Shape protocol. In addition, we investigated modulating effects of medication status, comorbid anxiety or depression, and disease duration on subcortical shape.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n There was no significant difference in shape thickness or surface area between OCD patients and healthy controls. For the subgroup analyses, OCD patients with comorbid depression or anxiety had lower thickness of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus and higher thickness of the putamen and pallidum compared to controls. OCD patients with comorbid depression had lower shape surface area in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens and higher shape surface area in the pallidum. OCD patients with comorbid anxiety had lower shape surface area in the putamen and the left caudate nucleus and higher shape surface area in the pallidum and the right caudate nucleus. Further, OCD patients on medication had lower shape thickness of the putamen, thalamus, and hippocampus and higher thickness of the pallidum and caudate nucleus, as well as lower shape surface area in the hippocampus and amygdala and higher surface area in the putamen, pallidum, and caudate nucleus compared to controls. There were no significant differences between OCD patients without co\u2010morbid anxiety and\/or depression and healthy controls on shape measures. In addition, there were also no significant differences between OCD patients not using medication and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings here are partly consistent with prior work on brain volumes in OCD, insofar as they emphasize that alterations in subcortical brain morphology are associated with comorbidity and medication status. Further work is needed to understand the biological processes contributing to subcortical shape.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T04:41:37Z","timestamp":1663216897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Shape analysis of subcortical structures in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder and the relationship with comorbid anxiety, depression, and medication use: A meta\u2010analysis by the OCD Brain Imaging Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-2324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Paul","family":"Fouche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nynke A.","family":"Groenewold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatum","family":"Sevenoaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Heany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4766-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Lochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pino","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo C.","family":"Batistuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department & Institute of Psychiatry University of Sao Paulo Medical School Sao Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology Pontifical Catholic University Sao Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcis","family":"Cardoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Sant Pau Mental Health Group, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica Sant Pau (IBB\u2010Sant Pau) Hospital de la Sant Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2921-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R. 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