{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:18:16Z","timestamp":1780489096478,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited evidence exists on sex differences in post\u2010COVID fatigue among non\u2010hospitalized patients. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the course of chronic fatigue symptoms in non\u2010hospitalized subjects with the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, according to sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients and staff from the University Hospital in Krakow anonymously and retrospectively completed neuropsychological questionnaire that included eight symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. The presence of these symptoms was assessed before COVID\u201019 and 0\u20134, 4\u201312, and &gt;12\u00a0weeks postinfection. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18 or more years, &gt;12\u00a0weeks since the onset of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, and diagnosis confirmed by the RT\u2010PCR from anasopharyngeal swab.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 303 patients (79.53% women, 47.52% medical personnel) assessed retrospectively after a median of 30 (interquartile range: 23\u201335) weeks since the onset of symptoms. A higher prevalence of at least one chronic fatigue symptom was found in females in all time intervals after the onset of COVID\u201019 compared to males (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.036). Women, compared to men, more often experienced persistent fatigue, not caused by effort and persisting after rest (for &lt;4\u00a0weeks, odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a02.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13\u20134.73; for 4\u201312\u00a0weeks, OR\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI: 1.06\u20133.61), non\u2010restorative sleep (for &lt;4\u00a0weeks, OR\u00a0=\u00a02.17, 95% CI: 1.23\u20133.81; for &gt;12\u00a0weeks, OR\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI: 1.03\u20133.71), and sore throat (for &lt;4\u00a0weeks, OR\u00a0=\u00a01.97, 95% CI: 1.03\u20133.78; for 4\u201312\u00a0weeks, OR\u00a0=\u00a02.76, 95% CI: 1.05\u20137.27). Sex differences in headache, arthralgia, and prolonged postexercise fatigue were observed only during the first 4\u00a0weeks (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.59, 95% CI: 1.45\u20134.60, OR\u00a0=\u00a02.97, 95% CI: 1.02\u20138.64, and OR\u00a0=\u00a01.87, 95% CI: 1.01\u20133.51, respectively). There were no differences between women and men in myalgia and self\u2010reported lymph node enlargement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The course of post\u2010COVID fatigue differs significantly between sexes in non\u2010hospitalized individuals with COVID\u201019, with women more often suffering from persistent fatigue, not caused by effort and persisting after rest, non\u2010restorative sleep, and sore throat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T03:45:46Z","timestamp":1673235946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fatigue after COVID\u201019 in non\u2010hospitalized patients according to 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Medicine and Gerontology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics University Hospital in Krakow  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Fedyk\u2010Lukasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Slowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital in Krakow  Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1090-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wnuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University 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