{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:38:19Z","timestamp":1791322699842,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012CB518200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB518200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the development of communication technology, the public is paying increasing attention to whether electromagnetic radiation is harmful to health. Mobile phone communication has entered the 5G era, and there are almost no reports on electromagnetic radiation at 2650 MHz. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the risk of adverse effects of 5G mobile phone EMR exposure on the human brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male animals were continuously exposed to 2650 MHz\u2010EMR for 28 days with a whole\u2010body averaged specific absorption rate (WBSAR) of 2.06 W\/kg for 4 h per day. Mouse behavior was assessed using the open\u2010field test (OFT), elevated\u2010plus maze (EPM), and tail suspension test (TST). The Morris water maze (MWM), HE staining, and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate the spatial memory ability and pathological morphology of hippocampal dentate gyrus cells. Additionally, the expression levels of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glucocorticoid (GR) in the hippocampus were detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, while the corticosterone (CORT) level in serum was detected by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the OFT, the total distance traveled, central distance traveled, and residence time significantly decreased in the EMR exposure group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). In EPM, the percentage of the number of times to open the arm and the percentage of time to open the arm significantly decreased in the EMR exposure group. However, in the TST, the two groups had no significant difference in the 4\u2010min immobility time. In the MWM, the escape latency of the EMR exposure group was shorter than that of the control group, with no significant difference. Furthermore, CORT levels in serum were significantly increased in the EMR exposure group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05), while the expression of BDNF and GR proteins in the hippocampus was reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05), but there was no significant difference in GABA expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that exposure to 2650 MHz\u2010EMR (WBSAR: 2.06 W\/kg, 28 days, 4 h per day) had no significant effect on the spatial memory ability of mice (in comparison to little effect). The exposure may be associated with anxiety\u2010like behavior in mice but not related to depression\u2010like behavior in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T02:39:51Z","timestamp":1682735991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Biological effects of exposure to 2650 MHz electromagnetic radiation on the behavior, learning, and memory of mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rongqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianxie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7042-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"The antioxidant effect of Green Tea Mega EGCG against electromagnetic radiation\u2010induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus and striatum of rats","volume":"36","author":"Ahmed N. 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