{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:31:08Z","timestamp":1780464668631,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating\/neurodegenerative disease associated with change in cognitive function (CF) over time. This systematic review aims to describe the instruments used to measure change in CF over time in people with MS (PwMS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in English until May 2021. Articles were included if they had at least 100 participants and at least a 1\u2010year interval between baseline and last follow\u2010up measurement of CF. Results were quantitatively synthesized, presented in tables and risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010seven articles met the inclusion criteria (41,623 PwMS and 1105 controls). An intervention (drug\/rehabilitation) was assessed in 22 articles. In the studies that used a test battery, Visual and verbal learning and memory were the most frequently measured domains, but when studies that used test battery or a single test are combined, Information processing speed was the most measured. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was the most frequently used test as a single test and in a test battery combined. Most studied assessed \u201cchange in CF\u201d as cognitive decline defined as 1 or more tests measured as\u00a0\u2265\u00a01.5 SD from the study control or normative mean in a test battery at baseline and follow\u2010up. Meta\u2010analysis of change in SDMT scores with seven articles indicated a nonstatistically significant \u20130.03 (95% CI \u20130.14, 0.09) decrease in mean SDMT score per year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the slow rate of measured change in cognition in PwMS and emphasizes the lack of a gold standard test and consistency in measuring cognitive change at the population level. More sensitive testing utilizing multiple domains and longer follow\u2010up may define subgroups where CF change follows different trajectories thus allowing targeted interventions to directly support those where CF is at greatest risk of becoming a clinically meaningful issue<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:11:50Z","timestamp":1681697510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Instruments measuring change in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1858-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chigozie","family":"Ezegbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1135-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Zarghami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"van der Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Neurology Department Royal Hobart Hospital  Hobart Tasmania 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