{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:59:33Z","timestamp":1772117973985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the classic cognitive behavioral theory proposes, dysfunctional goal\u2010directed and habit control systems are considered central to the pathogenesis of dependent behavior and impair recovery from addictions. The functional connectivity (FC) of the brain circuits for goal\u2010directed or habitual behavior has not been clearly reported in tobacco\u2010dependent groups. Smoking is one of the factors in the formation of atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that the thickness of carotid intima\u2010media (cIMT) is associated with attention\u2010executive\u2010psychomotor functioning. Therefore, we hypothesized whether cIMT in tobacco\u2010dependent individuals is associated with changes in the FC of the dual\u2010system network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 29 male tobacco\u2010dependent subjects (tobacco\u2010dependent group) (mean age: 64.20 years, standard deviation [SD]: 4.81 years) underwent resting\u2010state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs\u2010fMRI). Exactly 28 male nonsmokers (control group) (mean age: 61.95 years, SD: 5.52 years) were also recruited to undergo rs\u2010fMRI. We used the dorsolateral striatum (putamen) and dorsomedial striatum (caudate) as regions of interest for whole\u2010brain resting\u2010state connectivity to construct habitual and goal\u2010directed brain networks, respectively. In addition, all participants were evaluated by carotid artery ultrasound to obtain the cIMT values. Then, we compared the dual\u2010system brain networks between the tobacco dependence and control groups and the relationship between cIMT and imbalance of dual\u2010system brain networks in tobacco dependence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed a reduction in the connection between the caudate and precuneus and an increased connection between the putamen and prefrontal cortex; and supplementary motor area. The bilateral connectivity between the caudate and inferior frontal gyrus showed a significant negative correlation with the cIMT, and no positive correlation was observed with cIMT in the brain region that connects to the caudate. However, for the putamen, increased connectivity with the inferior temporal and medial frontal gyri was strongly associated with a high cIMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the formation of tobacco dependence behavior is related to changes in the dual\u2010system brain network. Carotid sclerosis is associated with the weakening of the goal\u2010directed network and enhancement of the habit network in tobacco dependence. This finding suggests that tobacco dependence behavior and clinical vascular diseases are related to changes in brain functional networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:47:10Z","timestamp":1686617230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between carotid intima\u2010media thickness (cIMT) and dual\u2010system imbalance in tobacco dependence: An rs\u2010fMRI research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaowen","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengqian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosa","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao Shandong Province 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