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Therefore, longitudinal studies that investigate changes in gut microbiome before and after cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention (ERP) are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All study participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a064) underwent a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview prior to inclusion. Nutritional intake was assessed with a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire. Stool samples were collected from OCD patients before ERP (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a032) and 1\u00a0month after completion of ERP (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a015), as well as from healthy controls (HCs;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a032). Taxonomic and functional analyses were performed using data from microbiome whole genome sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with OCD at baseline reported consuming significantly less fiber than HCs (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.12,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2,\u00a059)\u00a0=\u00a05.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a0.01). There were no significant differences in \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010diversity indices, or taxonomic dissimilarities at the species level between patients with OCD and HCs, or within patients before and after ERP. Functional profiling based on gut microbial gene expression was grouped into 56 gut\u2013brain modules with neuroactive potential. None of the gut\u2013brain modules differed significantly in expression between patients with OCD at baseline and HCs or within patients before and after ERP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diversity, composition, and functional profile of the gut microbiome in patients with OCD did not differ significantly from HCs and remained stable over time, despite behavioral changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T04:23:41Z","timestamp":1686111821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Longitudinal study of gut microbiome in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afrouz","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Aspvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"R\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Bulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm 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