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We used regression models, multilevel models, and cross\u2010lagged panel models to analyze the data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that high compassion was cross\u2010sectionally associated with lesser sleep deficiency and fewer sleep difficulties. High compassion also predicted fewer sleep difficulties over an 11\u2010year follow\u2010up (adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood, body mass index, health behaviors, and working conditions). This association disappeared when controlling for depressive symptoms. The predictive pathway seemed to proceed more likely from high compassion to fewer sleep difficulties than vice versa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compassion may buffer against sleep difficulties, possibly via reducing depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T02:00:24Z","timestamp":1692756024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High compassion predicts fewer sleep difficulties: A general population study with an 11\u2010year follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Iina","family":"Tolonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aino","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sampsa","family":"Puttonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirka","family":"Hintsanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651\u20102227.1985.tb10082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103999(02)00447\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751\u20109004.2009.00246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105\u2010020\u201000270\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20105273(87)90029\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Manual for the beck depression inventory\u2010II","author":"Beck A. 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