{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:26:14Z","timestamp":1790040374284,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,8]],"date-time":"2015-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA022720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA022720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH013043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH013043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA022720-S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA022720-S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1 MH088283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1 MH088283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Longitudinal studies of posttraumatic stress (PTS<\/jats:styled-content>) have documented environmental factors as predictors of trajectories of higher, versus lower, symptoms, among them experiences of childhood physical abuse. Although it is now well\u2010accepted that genes and environments jointly shape the risk of PTS<\/jats:styled-content>, no published studies have investigated genes, or gene\u2010by\u2010environment interactions (GxEs), as predictors of PTS<\/jats:styled-content> trajectories. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title>We examined associations between variants of the retinoid\u2010related orphan receptor alpha (RORA<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) gene and trajectory membership among a sample of predominantly non\u2010Hispanic Black urban adults (N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>473). The RORA<\/jats:styled-content> gene was selected based on its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>) in the first PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> genome wide association study. Additionally, we explored GxEs between RORA<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> variants and childhood physical abuse history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We found that the minor allele of the RORA<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> SNP<\/jats:styled-content> rs893290 was a significant predictor of membership in a trajectory of consistently high PTS<\/jats:styled-content>, relatively to a trajectory of consistently low PTS<\/jats:styled-content>. Additionally, the GxE of rs893290 with childhood physical abuse was significant. Decomposition of the interaction showed that minor allele frequency was more strongly associated with membership in consistently high or decreasing PTS<\/jats:styled-content> trajectories, relative to a consistently low PTS<\/jats:styled-content> trajectory, among participants with higher levels of childhood physical abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The results of the study provide preliminary evidence that variation in the RORA<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> gene is associated with membership in trajectories of higher PTS<\/jats:styled-content> and that these associations are stronger among persons exposed to childhood physical abuse. Replication and analysis of functional data are needed to further our understanding of how RORA<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> relates to PTS<\/jats:styled-content> trajectories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T02:08:49Z","timestamp":1425866929000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["RORA<\/i> and posttraumatic stress trajectories: main effects and interactions with childhood physical abuse history"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn L.","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison E.","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Champaign Illinois"},{"name":"Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek E.","family":"Wildman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois"},{"name":"Depratment of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20090526-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.05.1.p011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: 3\u2010step approaches using Mplus","author":"Asparouhov T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559506298248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for Windows. Version 20.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1621\/nrs.07003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0339-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0787-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01640.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9634-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"551","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology (Vol. 2)","author":"Masyn K. E.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610383510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.5.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","volume-title":"Group\u2010based modeling of development","author":"Nagin D. S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"National Center for PTSD.Using the PTSD Check\u2010 list (PCL). Available at:http:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/pages\/assessments\/assessment-pdf\/pcl-handout.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-154484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2151-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.009334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.103267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families","author":"Straus M. A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"Measuring physical and psychological maltreatment of children with the Conflict Tactics Scales","author":"Straus M. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910794107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation","author":"Weathers F. W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502238733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1969-6"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbrb3.323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.323","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T23:20:02Z","timestamp":1696634402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.323","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,8]]},"article-number":"e00323"}}