{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:49:50Z","timestamp":1785836990441,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have suggested association between brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the stress level of workers. However, no studies have investigated the potential of salivary mature BDNF (mBDNF) level as a noninvasive biomarker for psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the reliability of salivary mBDNF as a biomarker for psychological distress in healthcare workers. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between salivary and plasma mBDNF levels and their correlation with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and exercise habits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010one healthy healthcare workers (26 men) from the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, participated in this study. In this cross\u2010sectional study, participants provided demographic information. Psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 6 (K6). Saliva and blood samples were collected, and mBDNF was measured by ELISA. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the relationship between mBDNF (saliva and plasma) and K6. Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 17.0, and a significance level of <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05 was applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median K6 score was 1 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0\u20133). The median (IQR) salivary mBDNF was 1.36 (1.12\u20131.96)\u00a0pg\/mL, whereas the mean (standard deviation) plasma mBDNF was 1261.11 (242.98)\u00a0pg\/mL. No correlation was observed between salivary and plasma mBDNF concentrations or with the K6 score. Additionally, there were no associations between salivary or plasma mBDNF concentrations and age, sex, or exercise habits. Finally, an association between plasma mBDNF concentration and BMI was found only in univariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that salivary mBDNF can be accurately measured noninvasively in healthcare workers. Within our study sample, salivary mBDNF did not demonstrate any correlation with K6 and plasma mBDNF. Future studies with a larger study sample and a diverse study population consisting of healthy participants and patients with psychiatric disorders are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T06:57:08Z","timestamp":1697093828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between salivary mature brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and psychological distress in healthcare workers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuko","family":"Ikenouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"},{"name":"Medical Center for Dementia Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomichi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"},{"name":"Medical Center for Dementia Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enkhmurun","family":"Chibaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rintaro","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryohei","family":"Igata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Tesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7637-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiji","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v5.i4.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720510790274473"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0209-105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1298"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34278-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"NGF and BDNF: From nerves to adipose tissue, from neurokines to metabokines","volume":"44","author":"Chaldakov G. N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rivista Di Psichiatria"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.12.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02037.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000367714"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(98)80016-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Regulation of expression in response to injury","volume":"147","author":"Donovan M. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00035-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90090-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13658"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160593"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75698"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1854218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21131-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12977"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01160-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05911-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00529-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.5.865"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9461-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0391-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2011.538625"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"236","article-title":"Associations between brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and estradiol in women's saliva","volume":"35","author":"Matsuki C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2414-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4088-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3366"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01302-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00141-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1688328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00072-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1995.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411950060040501"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03185"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2011.02236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.12005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890903296728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2019.11.001"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM\u2010IV and ICD\u201010","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan D. V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Daily serum and salivary BDNF levels correlate with morning\u2010evening personality type in women and are affected by light therapy","volume":"47","author":"Tirassa P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rivista Di Psichiatria"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2125-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2544"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-11-03469.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-13-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.03.001"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.3278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T08:03:19Z","timestamp":1706774599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.3278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.3278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3278","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e3278"}}