{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:10:06Z","timestamp":1780672206600,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Extensive research has demonstrated the critical role of selenium (Se) and selenoproteins in brain function and cognition. However, the impact of Se on brain cortical structure remains enigmatic. Therefore, this study used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal effect between Se levels and brain cortical structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study utilizes 11 genetic variants associated with Se level variations, extracted from a large\u2010scale genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) encompassed circulating Se levels (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05477) and toenail Se levels (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a04162) in the European population. Outcome data were sourced from the summary statistics of the ENIGMA Consortium, comprising GWAS data from 51,666 individuals. The variables include cortical surface area (SA), thickness (TH) at the global level, and 34 functional cortical regions evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. The inverse\u2010variance\u2010weighted method was used as the primary estimate. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to detect potential violations of assumptions underlying MR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the global level, Se levels were not correlated with SA but showed a significant negative correlation with TH (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.00485\u00a0mm, SE\u00a0=\u00a00.00192,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.0115). Heterogeneity was observed across different brain regions, with positive correlations found between Se levels and the TH of the parahippocampal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and frontal pole, whereas negative correlations were found with the TH of the inferior parietal lobe and middle temporal lobe. Regarding SA, Se levels exhibit positive correlations with the pars triangularis, caudal anterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobe, and banks of the superior temporal sulcus. Conversely, negative correlations were observed with the medial orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, insula, and the middle, superior, and transverse gyrus of the temporal lobe. No pleiotropy was detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This MR study indicated that Se levels causally influence the brain cortical structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T01:17:50Z","timestamp":1698715070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The causal effects between selenium levels and the brain cortical structure: A two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010015\u20100011\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5mt00075k"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78877"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103592"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqaa028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7909380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2008.05522.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"The neuroscience of psychotherapy: Building and rebuilding the human brain (Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology)","author":"Cozolino L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.969887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-023-00821-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2010.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895\u20104356(88)90080\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.724903"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.04.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"34","author":"Jordan J. 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