{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:16:24Z","timestamp":1790601384549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motor learning is essential for performing specific tasks and progresses through distinct stages, including the rapid learning phase (initial skill acquisition), the consolidation phase (skill refinement), and the stable performance phase (skill mastery and maintenance). Understanding the cortical activation dynamics during these stages can guide targeted rehabilitation interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this longitudinal randomized controlled trial, functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy was used to explore the temporal dynamics of cortical activation in hand\u2010related motor learning. Thirty\u2010one healthy right\u2010handed individuals were randomly assigned to perform either easy or intricate motor tasks with their non\u2010dominant hand over 10 days. We conducted 10 monitoring sessions to track cortical activation in the right hemisphere (according to lateralization principles, the primary hemisphere for motor control) and evaluated motor proficiency concurrently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study delineated three stages of nondominant hand motor learning: rapid learning (days 1 and 2), consolidation (days 3\u20137), and stable performance (days 8\u201310). There was a power\u2010law enhancement of motor skills correlated with learning progression. Sustained activation was observed in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal lobe (PL), whereas activation in the right primary motor cortex (M1R) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFCR) decreased. These cortical activation patterns exhibited a high correlation with the augmentation of motor proficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that early rehabilitation interventions, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), could be optimally directed at M1 and PFC in the initial stages. In contrast, SMA and PL can be targeted throughout the motor learning process. This research illuminates the path for developing tailored motor rehabilitation interventions based on specific stages of motor learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>NEW and NOTEWORTHY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an innovative approach, our study uniquely combines a longitudinal design with the robustness of generalized estimating equations (GEEs). With the synergy of functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test\u00a0(MMDT) paradigm, we precisely trace the evolution of neural resources during complex, real\u2010world fine\u2010motor task learning. Centering on right\u2010handed participants using their nondominant hand magnifies the intricacies of right hemisphere spatial motor processing. We unravel the brain's dynamic response throughout motor learning stages and its potent link to motor skill enhancement. Significantly, our data point toward the early\u2010phase rehabilitation potential of TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation on the M1 and PFC regions. Concurrently, SMA and PL appear poised to benefit from ongoing interventions during the entire learning curve. Our findings carve a path for refined motor rehabilitation strategies, underscoring the importance of timely noninvasive brain stimulation treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T22:46:56Z","timestamp":1705013216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neural correlates of fine motor grasping skills: Longitudinal insights into motor cortex activation using fNIRS"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5947-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxia","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hongman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LianHui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center) Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3134\u201007.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339\u2010019\u201000925\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4358\u201010.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147731"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.900405"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Neuroplasticity promoted by task complexity","volume":"33","author":"Carey J. 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