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Despite the extensive research on social dominance in group\u2010living species, there is still a knowledge gap regarding how social status impacts brain morphology and cognitive abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we tested male and female dominants and subordinates of\n                      <jats:italic>Neolamprologus pulcher<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a social cichlid fish species with size\u2010based hierarchy. We ran three executive cognitive function tests for cognitive flexibility (reversal learning test), self\u2010control (detour test), and working memory (object permanence test), followed by brain and brain region size measurements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performance was not influenced by social status or sex. However, dominants exhibited a brain\u2013body slope that was relatively steeper than that of subordinates. Furthermore, individual performance in reversal learning and detour tests correlated with brain morphology, with some trade\u2010offs among major brain regions like telencephalon, cerebellum, and optic tectum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As individuals\u2019 brain growth strategies varied depending on social status without affecting executive functions, the different associated challenges might yield a potential effect on social cognition instead. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of studying the individual and not just species to understand better how the individual's ecology might shape its brain and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T03:13:57Z","timestamp":1714360437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Executive functions and brain morphology of male and female dominant and subordinate cichlid fish"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Guadagno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zegni","family":"Triki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Executive functions: What they are, how they work, and why they evolved","author":"Barkley R. 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