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TBI is often associated with impaired cognitive abilities, like difficulties in memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions, that typically remain for years after the injury. Lithium is an elementary light metal that is only utilized in salt form due to its high intrinsic reactivity. This current review discusses the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic and neuroprotective effects of lithium in TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The \u201cBoolean logic\u201d was used to search for articles on the subject matter in PubMed and PubMed Central, as well as Google Scholar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium's therapeutic action is extremely complex, involving multiple effects on gene secretion, neurotransmitter or receptor\u2010mediated signaling, signal transduction processes, circadian modulation, as well as ion transport. Lithium is able to normalize multiple short\u2010 as well as long\u2010term modifications in neuronal circuits that ultimately result in disparity in cortical excitation and inhibition activated by TBI. Also, lithium levels are more distinct in the hippocampus, thalamus, neo\u2010cortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala as well as the gray matter of the cerebellum following treatment of TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal toxicity as well as protects the brain from edema, hippocampal neurodegeneration, loss of hemispheric tissues, and enhanced memory as well as spatial learning after TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T07:13:39Z","timestamp":1718349219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Elucidating the pivotal molecular mechanisms, therapeutic and neuroprotective effects of lithium in traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seidu A.","family":"Richard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Princefield University  Ho Ghana"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Third Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15010309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.1992.tb11031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300920"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20104159.2000.0752401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1191170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5509"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301\u20100082(97)00002\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.JNS09689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/716458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.10.6039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112719"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2009.06820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10707"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20104159.2000.0742365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742\u20102094\u20109\u2010236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024648"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.014057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010014\u20100140\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00389"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of etanercept and lithium chloride on preventing secondary tissue damage in rats with experimental diffuse severe brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Ekici M. 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