{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:43:38Z","timestamp":1792532618288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) stimulating the primary motor cortex (M1) is an alternative, adjunctive therapy for improving the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether the high frequency of rTMS positively correlates to the improvement of motor symptoms of PD is still undecided. By controlling for other parameters, a disease animal model may be useful to compare the neuroprotective effects of different high frequencies of rTMS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current exploratory study was designed to compare the protective effects of four common high frequencies of rTMS (5, 10, 15, and 20\u00a0Hz) and iTBS (a special form of high\u2010frequency rTMS) and explore the optimal high\u2010frequency rTMS on an animal PD model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following high frequencies of rTMS application (twice a week for 5\u00a0weeks) in a MPTP\/probenecid\u2010induced chronic PD model, the effects of the five protocols on motor behavior as well as dopaminergic neuron degeneration levels were identified. The underlying molecular mechanisms were further explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that all the high frequencies of rTMS had protective effects on the motor functions of PD models to varying degrees. Among them, the 10, 15, and 20\u00a0Hz rTMS interventions induced comparable preservation of motor function through the protection of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. The enhancement of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT\u20102)\u00a0and the suppression of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 in the nigrostriatum were involved in the process. The efficacy of iTBS was inferior to that of the above three protocols. The effect of 5\u00a0Hz rTMS protocol was weakest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combined with the results of the present study and the possible side effects induced by rTMS, we concluded that 10\u00a0Hz might be the optimal stimulation frequency for preserving the motor functions of PD models using rTMS treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T04:49:18Z","timestamp":1719982158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with different high frequencies on motor functions in MPTP\/probenecid induced Parkinsonism mouse 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