{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:18:22Z","timestamp":1787239102004,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 2018YFF0300603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 2018YFF0300603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vascular dementia (VD), memory impairment caused by the damage of synaptic plasticity is the most prominent feature that afflicts patients and their families. Treadmill exercise has proven beneficial for memory by enhancing synaptic plasticity in animal models including stroke, dementia, and mental disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of treadmill exercise on recognition memory and structural synaptic plasticity in VD rat model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (C group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06), vascular dementia group (VD group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06), treadmill exercise and vascular dementia group (Exe\u2010VD group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06), and treadmill exercise group (Exe group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06). Four\u2010week treadmill exercise was performed in the Exe\u2010VD and Exe groups. Then, the common carotid arteries of rats in the VD and Exe\u2010VD groups were identified to establish the VD model. Behavior tests (open\u2010field test and novel recognition memory test) were adopted to evaluate anxiety\u2010like behavior and recognition memory. Transmission electron microscopy and Golgi staining were performed to observe synaptic ultrastructure and spine density in the hippocampus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study demonstrated that VD rat exhibited significantly anxiety\u2010like behavior and recognition impairment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.01), while treadmill exercise significantly alleviated anxiety\u2010like behavior and improved recognition memory in VD rat (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.01). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that hippocampal synapse numbers were significantly decreased in the VD group compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.05). These alterations were reversed by treadmill exercise, and the rats exhibited healthier synaptic ultrastructure, including significantly increased synapse (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.05). Meanwhile, golgi staining revealed that the spine numbers of the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the VD group compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.05). When compared with the VD group, hippocampal spine numbers were significantly increased in the Exe\u2010VD group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The improvement of VD\u2010associated recognition memory by treadmill exercises is associated with enhanced structural synaptic plasticity in VD rat model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T22:39:30Z","timestamp":1721947170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Treadmill exercise prevents recognition memory impairment in VD rat model and enhancement of hippocampal structural synaptic plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of physical education Henan normal university  Xinxiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Function Assessment and Technical Analysis Capital University of Physical Education and Sports  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of physical education Henan normal university  Xinxiang China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Function Assessment and Technical Analysis Capital University of Physical Education and Sports  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing 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